Transient vision loss (<24 hours)

• Papilledema: Lasts seconds, bilateral
• Amaurosis fugax: Lasts minutes, unilateral
• Vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency: Lasts minutes, bilateral
• Migraine: Lasts 10–60 minutes
• Impending central retinal vein occlusion
• Ocular ischemic syndrome (carotid occlusive disease)
• Sudden change in blood pressure; orthostatic hypotension o Transient acute increase in intraocular pressure (e.g., acute angle closure glaucoma, retro- or peribulbar hemorrhage)

• Vision loss >24 hours: Sudden, painless Retinal artery or vein occlusion
• Ischemic optic neuropathy (must rule out giant cell/temporal arteritis to prevent permanent bilateral vision loss)
• Vitreous or aqueous hemorrhage (hyphema)
• Retinal detachment
• Other retinal or CNS disease (e.g., cortical blindness due to occipital lobe CVA)
• Exposure (“Welder\'s flash”) or prolonged exposure to intense sunlight

# Vision loss >24 hours: Gradual, painless Cataract # Refractive error # Open angle glaucoma # Chronic retinopathy (e.g., age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy) # Chronic corneal disease (e.g., corneal dystrophy) # Optic neuropathy/atrophy (e.g., compressive lesion, toxic-metabolic cause, dominant optic neuropathy, radiation) # Retinitis pigmentosa # Pseudotumor cerebri

# Vision loss >24 hours: Painful Acute angle closure glaucoma # Optic neuritis (pain with extraocular motion) # Orbital apex/superior orbital fissure/ cavernous sinus syndrome # Uveitis # Corneal hydrops (keratoconus)

• Ocular onchocerciasis (“river blindness”) –Common cause of blindness in developing nations due to Onchocerca volvulus worm
• Corneal abrasion or ulcer
• Herpes simplex or zoster infection

Not supplied.

Home medical testing related to Absence of septum pellucidum and septo-optic dysplasia:

* Vision & Eye Health: Home Testing: o Home Eye Tests o Home Vision Tests

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• Treat underlying causes (e.g., brain tumor, carotid stenosis, cardiac valvular vegetations, hypotension)
• Temporal arteritis: Systemic steroids
• Nonarteritic ischemic optic neuropathy: Aspirin
• Optic neuritis: Systemic steroids
• Glaucoma: Topical antiglaucoma medications; peripheral iridotomy for angle closure
• Retinal detachment: Surgical repair
• Cataracts: Surgical removal
• AV fistula: Embolize
• Cavernous sinus thrombosis: Antibiotics, anticoagulation
• Mucormycosis: Amphotericin B, debridement
• Pituitary apoplexy: Systemic steroids, neurosurgical intervention
• Herpes zoster: Systemic acyclovir
• Tolosa-Hunt: Systemic steroid
• Keratoconus/corneal hydrops: Cycloplegic, hypertonic (5%) NaCl ointment, corneal transplant

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